So this is only a painful problem for people who don't use C++ very much, and whatever centralized, official solution to builds would probably not really get adopted by most C++ shops.
Because of that, even if it were solved, it's likely that it would only solve the problems that people who don't use C++ very much, or who don't invest in build tooling, want fixed. Which is basically what Make was originally.
IMO it's best to think of C++ as a language only. Because of Microsoft/Sun/the web/etc and the desire to win over developers' business, a lot of newer languages are designed to be batteries-included with official first party tools that are supposed to be the canonical way to solve that particular class of problems. Those languages are essentially products or brands that are part of their benefactors' grand designs for specific business or career outcomes.
C++ by contrast has multiple competing implementations for basically anything you can think of, and isn't someone's "business" the way most other languages are, so there's no reason to make the out-of-the-box DX better or standardize the tooling. Nobody has any reason to want you to write C++ instead of something else.